SHOULD/SHOULDN´T HAVE AND WAS/WERE GOING TO AND WAS/WERE SUPPOSED TO

SHOULD/SHOULDN´T HAVE

               

FUNCIÓN:

Nosotros usamos el modal perfecto should/shouldn´t have para criticar o expresar pesar por cosas que la gente hizo o no hizo en el pasado.

FORMA:

Non-defining relative clauses:
Should have + past participle	I/he/she/we/you/they should have gone to the doctor.
gShouldn´t have + past participle	I/he/she/we/you/they shouldn´t have been rude to the store assistant.

¡CUIDADO! What did Pierre do wrong?   x   He shouldn´t hit the other guy.  ü  He shouldn´t have hit the other guy.

1.- SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

FUNCIÓN:

Puede significar algo que hubiera sido una buena idea, pero que no lo hiciste. Es como dar consejos sobre el pasado cuando se lo dices a otra persona, o lamentando lo que hiciste o no hiciste cuando estás hablando de ti.

EJEMPLOS:

She should have taken the children with her to Houston. (Ella debería haber llevado a los niños con ella a Houston)

He should have lent us the money which we need. (Él debería habernos prestado el dinero que necesitamos)

She should have been back by noon. (Ella debería haber regresado para mediodía)

She should have returned later. (Ella debería haber regresado más tarde)

You should have learnt at least five new words every day. (Tú deberías haber aprendido al menos cinco palabras cada día)

2.- SHOULDN'T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE 

FUNCIÓN:

Podemos usar 'should not have' para especular negativamente sobre lo que puede haber ocurrido o no.

También podemos usar 'should not have' para arrepentirnos de acciones pasadas.

Significa que algo no fue una buena idea, pero lo hiciste de todos modos.

EJEMPLOS:

You should not go by plane. (Tú no deberías ir en avión)

He should not save some money each week. (Él no debería ahorrar algo de dinero cada semana)

He should not pay more attention to what the teacher says. (Él no debería poner más atención a lo que dice el maestro)

It should not rain this evening. (No debería llover esta tarde)

We should not ask permission before doing it. (Nosotros no deberíamos pedir permiso antes de hacerlo).

EJERCICIOS:

Complete the sentences with should have or shouldn´t have and the correct form of the verb in parentheses.

1.   Maddie _______________  (call) the police as soon as the boys vandalizing the club.

2.    I _______________ (drive) 50 km/h instead of 65 km/h in the city. Then I wouldn´t have gotten a speeding ticket.

3.    You  _______________ (lie) to the police about spraying graffiti. They know you did it.

4.    Dad _______________ (park) illegaly on the sidewalk.

5.    James _______________ (download) those music files. It´s wrong and the sound quality was terrible!

6.  We _______________ (tell) a security guard that we saw those girls shoplifting.

7.   Beth ______________ (litter) while she was driving. A police officer saw her throw out a bag and a cup and she was fined.

8.    I know you were in a hurry, but you  _______________ (evade) the train fare.

              

WAS/WERE GOING TO AND WAS/WERE SUPPOSED TO

FUNCIÓN:

We use going to in the past to talk about plans and intentions that didn´t happen.

We use supposed to in the past to talk about things we were expected to do but didn´t do.

Non-defining relative clauses:
Was/were going to + base form	I was going to call you. We weren´t going to come but we changed our minds.
Was/were supposed to + base form	You were supposed to copy Vallerie in on all the mails.

¡CUIDADO!   x   I was to go shopping, but it started raining. 1.      I was going to go shopping, but it started raining.

1.- Was/ were going to + base form:

Se forma con el verbo 'to be' en pasado, seguido de 'going to' y luego el verbo principal

AFIRMATIVA: Para formar la afirmativa ponemos la forma correspondiente del verbo 'to be' acompañado de 'going to' y un verbo.

Sujeto + was/were + going to + verbo + resto de frase.

Ellas iban a bailar en una fiesta.

They were going to dance in a party.

EJEMPLOS:

I was going to see you tomorrow. (Yo iba a verte mañana)

He was going to visit her next week. (Él la iba a visitar la siguiente semana)

They were going to eat out tonight. (Ellos iban a comer fuera esta noche)

She was going to leave for Europe on Monday. (Ella iba a partir a Europa el lunes)

She was going to wait me after the show. (Ella iba a esperarme después del espectáculo)

                                   

2.- Was/ were supposed to + base form:

Usaremos was/were supposed to para hablar sobre cosas que nos pusimos de acuerdo para hacer, o que la gente espera que hagamos, pero que no hicimos.

EJEMPLOS:

1.  He is supposed to take his dance lesson at seven o’clock. (Se supone que él toma su clase de baile a las siete en punto)

2. They were supposed to bring the books with them. (Se supone que ellos traen los libros con ellos)

3.    He is supposed to arrive tomorrow. (Se supone que él llega mañana)

4.  You are supposed to be here after four o’clock. (Se supone que tú estás aquí después de las cuatro en punto)

5. We are supposed to send them a letter. (Se supone que nosotros les enviamos una carta).

EJERCICIOS:

Reescribe las oraciones usando la palabra entre paréntesis.

1. We planned to leave at nine, but we didn´t. (supposed) _______________

2. Shawn wanted to have a party, but he was sick. (going) _______________

3. I wasn´t sure about going to party, but I did. (going) __________________

4. I wanted to go shopping yesterday, but I got out of work late. (supposed) _

5.They intended to move to the U.S.A, but they didn´t. (going) ____________

6. You shouldn´t  have told Julia about the surprise. (supposed) __________

7.The weather forecast said it would rain today. (going) _________________

Completa las oraciones con was / were going to / was / were supposed to

I was standing in line and I _____________ buy the Inception DVD, but I decided to put it down because I needed to save money.

I don't ______________________ you could lend me some money, could you?

I am not ________________________ smoke here. This is a place for children.

_____________________________ you won the lottery, what would you buy?

I _______________________ it will snow. Don't go out without a warm jacket.

defining and non-defining relative clauses

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

FUNCIÓN:

Una cláusula relativa no definitoria nos da información adicional sobre un sustantivo.

La cláusula relativa podría eliminarse de la oración sin afectar el significado básico.

A veces se puede usar para referirse a lugares.

Las "non-defining relative clauses" están compuestas por un pronombre relativo, un verbo y otros elementos opcionales, como el sujeto o el objeto del verbo. Siempre se emplean comas o paréntesis para delimitar las oraciones de relativo no especificativas y separarlas del resto de la oración principal.

FORMA:

Non-defining relative clauses:
·      Están separados del resto de la oración por comas. ·      Solo puede venir después del sustantivo al que se refieren.	The Charleston museum, which is the oldest museum in the U.S., was built in 1773.
·      Solo se puede usar a quién hace referencia a las personas, y a qué se refieren los lugares y las cosas. ·      A veces se puede usar para referirse a lugares.	Daniel Radcliffe, who played Harry Potter, now acts in the theater. The college, which specializes in languages, is near New York City. Seattle, where my parents live, is a very beautiful place.

	PERSONA	COSA	LUGAR
Sujeto	Who	Which	-
Objeto	Who	Which	Where
Posesión	Whose	-	-

¡CUIDADO!           x   Tchaikovsky, he wrote Swan Lake, was born in 1840.  ü     Tchaikovsky, who wrote Swan Lake, was born in 1840. x   This car, that we bought last year, is from Italy. ü  This car, which we bought last year, is from Italy.

EJEMPLOS:

John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren.

My friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-selling novel.

My grandmother, who is dead now, came from the North of England.

We stopped at the museum, which we had never visited before.

I've just come back from London, where John lives.

Yesterday I met a woman named Susan, whose husband works in London.

EJERCICIOS:

Escribe oraciones con cláusulas de relativo no definidas, usando la información dada.

1. - The Paris Opera Ballet is the oldest ballet company in the world. It was founded in 1669.

The Paris Opera Ballet, which was founded in 1669, is the oldest ballet company in the world.

2. – Harry Houdini was born in 1874 in Budapest. He was a famous magician.

______________________________________________________________

3. – Swan Lake was based on Russian folktales. It was written by Tchaikovsky.

______________________________________________________________

4. – The Sydney Opera House was designed by Jorn Utzon. It opened in 1973.

______________________________________________________________

5. - The first opera was called Dafne. It was performed in 1598.

______________________________________________________________

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

FUNCIÓN:

Las cláusulas relativas definitorias nos dan información adicional sobre un sustantivo. No se puede eliminar de la oración sin afectar el significado básico.

Como su propio nombre indica, las "defining relative clauses" ofrecen información esencial para definir o identificar a la persona o cosa de la que estamos hablando.

Las "defining relative clauses" están compuestas por un pronombre relativo (que a veces se omite), un verbo y otros elementos opcionales, como el sujeto o el objeto del verbo. No se utilizan comas para separar la proposición relativa especificativa del resto de la oración. Las comas o los paréntesis se emplean para delimitar otro tipo de oraciones de relativo, las explicativas o "non-defining relative clauses".

EJEMPLOS:

·         Children who hate chocolate are uncommon.

·         They live in a house whose roof is full of holes.

·         An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries.

·         Let's go to a country where the sun always shines.

·         The reason why I came here today is not important.

  FORMA:

Defining relative clauses:
No necesita comas para separarlos del resto de la oración.	The movie which/that we saw last week was directed by Martin Scorsese. The director who/that won the award not at the ceremony. We stayed in the place where we had our honeymoon.
Va detrás del nombre al que se refieren.
Puede usar which/that para referisrse a cosas. Puede usar who/that to para referirse a personas. Puede usar where para referirse a lugares.
Subject and object relative clauses
Un sustantivo puede ser el sujeto o el objeto de una cláusula relativa definitoria.	The actress who wore the exquisite at the end of the movie is a model. (subject)
Cuando el sustantivo es el objeto de la cláusula relativa, el pronombre relativo puede omitirse.	The dress (that/which) the actress wore at the end of the movie is exquisite. (object)

	PERSONA	COSA	LUGAR	TIEMPO	MOTIVO
Sujeto	Who/That	Which/That	-
Objeto	Who/That	Which/That	Where	When	Why
Posesión	Whose	Whose	-

EJERCICIOS:

Lee las oraciones. Subraye la cláusula relativa definitoria y coloque una X al lado de las oraciones donde se puede dejar el pronombre relativo.

1. - The song which plays at the end of the movie has been a big hit this summer.

2. – Look! He´s the actor who I was telling you about.

3. - The company that sold me the car has gone bankrupt.

4. - The Australian dancer who got the part is unknown in her home country.

5. - I recognized the famous landmarks which the director used in several scenes.

6. - Do you remember the woman who promised to invite us to the party?