INFINITIVE CLAUSES WITH IMPERSONAL IT AND WISH AND IF ONLY FOR REGRETS

INFINITIVE CLAUSES WITH IMPERSONAL IT

FUNCIÓN:

Usamos la cláusula is (not) + adjetivo + infinitivo cuando queremos usar el adjetivo para describir una acción o situación. Esto significa lo mismo que usar el gerundio como sujeto.

FORMA:

It´s (not)	Adjetivo	Clausula infinitiva
It´s	Important Good Better Essential	To eat poperly To get in shape To speak to a professional To get some slee

¡CUIDADO!  X   It´s important to rest.  ü  Is important to rest.  X   It´s better to go to the hospital.    ü  It´s better go to the hospital.

EJERCICIO :

Match the problems 1-6 with the solutions a-f.

1 I haven´t gotten any interviews get. 2 I´ve been putting on a lot of weight recently. 3 I´m not sure what I want to study. 4 What skills do I need to be an engineer?. 5 Ouch! I have a small cut. 6 I pulled a muscle this morning.

a It´s better not to move it too much. b It´s not good to drive so much. Try to walk more! c It´s important to consider what career you want later. d It´s better to put a bandage on it. e It´s essential to have a degree in math. f It´s difficult to get a job right now, but don´t give up!

               

                                                                           

WISH AND IF ONLY FOR REGRETS

FUNCIÓN:

Nosotros usamos wish/if only + paado perfecto to talk about things we would like to change about the past.

      

 

Subject + wish + past perfect	·      I wish I had learned to play a musical instrument when I was younger. ·      I wish I had been more adventurous. ·      I definitely wish I hadn´t smoked.
If only + subject + past perfect	·      If only I had changed careers years ago.

Hablando en pasado: 

Si se quiere expresar un arrepentimiento por algo que se hizo o que no se llegoi hacer se usa la sieguiente estuctura: Wish/if only + past perfect.

Ejemplo: I wish/If only I hadn´t been so rude to my mother last night.

Hablando del presente:

Cosas que no se han hecho realidad en el presente y cosas que pueden hacerse realidad en el futuro y se usa la siguiente estructura: Wisch/If only + past simple.

Ejemplo: I wich I were in the Caribbean instead of being here.

Presente y futuro:

Cambiar el estado de las cosas del presente o futuro: I wich I had motorbike.

• Para expresar un deseo sobre algo que sucederá en el futuro en un tono formal y cortés:
  "I wish to attend the meeting."
• Para desear algo a otra persona para el futuro, por lo general en ciertas expresiones tales como:
  "I wish him the best of luck." = le deseo la mejor de las suertes.

 "wish" / "if only" 
Se puede usar "wish" y "if only" para expresar un deseo poco probable o imposible o una queja:

Con el pasado simple para expresar un deseo imposible en la actualidad:

• "I wish I lived in the countryside."
• "If only I lived in the countryside." = ojalá viviera en el campo
  No vivo en el presente en el campo por lo que este deseo es ahora mismo imposible.

Con el pasado perfecto expresa un arrepentimiento por algo sucedido en el pasado:

·         "I wish I hadn't eaten the prawns."

·         "If only I hadn't eaten the prawns."
Ojalá no hubiera comido aquellas gambas: me arrepiento de haber comido aquellas gambas en el pasado.

Con would/could para expresar un deseo que creemos que es poco probable o imposible en el presente:

• "I wish he would save money."
• "I wish he could save money."
• "If only he would save money."
• "If only he could save money."
  pero no "I wish he will/can save money."
  no creo que pueda / vaya a ahorrar dinero, así que esto es un deseo imposible dada su nula habilidad en el presente para ahorrar dinero

¡CUIDADO!  X   I wish I hadn´t broken my leg when I was a teenager.  ü  I wish I didn´t break my leg when I was a teenager.  X   If only I hadn’t left my job.  ü  If only I haven´t left my job.

EJERCICIO

Complete la segunda oración usando la palabra entre paréntesis para que signifique lo mismo que la primera.

    1.    My doctor gave me good advice. I didn´t listen.

__________________________________________

    2.    Terri wanted to go to college, but she didn´t go.

__________________________________________

    3.    I ate a huge breakfast this morning. Now I feel sick.

__________________________________________

    4.    James stayed up late last night. This morning, he´s really tired.

__________________________________________________

    5.    I didn´t work hard in school. I failed my exams.

_______________________________________

    6.    My parents drove to Florida. The trip was terrible. 

_______________________________________                                                                                    

             

                       

Relative clauses and gerund/infinitive

RELATIVE CLAUSES

FUNCIÓN:

Usamos “relative clauses” para dar más información sobre una persona, cosa, tiempo o lugar.

Relative clauses	Significado	Información
Who	Quien	Personas
Where	Donde	Lugares
When	Cuando	Momentos/Tiempo
Which/That	Cual/Que	Cosas y/o objetos

                

FORMA:

Relative clauses	Ejemplos
Who	I thanked the person who found my wallet this morning on the subway.
Where	The best time to call him is when the finishes his meeting at 10:30 a.m.
When	The Blue Lounge was place where I used to meet my friends.
Which/That	I think it was a trip to Paris that made me want to learn French.

CUIDADO! x   The report that it has all the information is on your desk.  ü  The report that has all the information is on your desk.  x   The man which donated a lot of money is a billionaire.  ü  The man who donated a lot of money is a billionaire.

Nota 1: El pronombre relativo que se usa en lugar del pronombre posesivo. Debe ser seguido por un sustantivo. Ejemplo: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player.

Nota 2: Los pronombres relativos donde y cuando se usan con nombres de lugar y tiempo. Ejemplos: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Una proposición relativa no definitoria o explicativa, nos da más información sobre la persona o cosa de que se trate. Si eliminamos una proposición explicativa perdemos algunos datos pero el significado general de la oración principal sigue siendo el mismo. Las proposiciones subordinadas explicativas siempre se delimitan con comas o paréntesis.

EJEMPLOS

• The farmer, whose name was Fred, sold us 10 pounds of potatoes.
• Elephants, which are the largest land mammals, live in herds of 10 or more adults.
• The author, who graduated from the same university I did, gave a wonderful presentation.
• My mother, who is 86, lives in Paris.

EJERCICIOS:

Completa las siguientes oraciones con: which/that, who, when o where.

    1. A web designer is a person _____ can make your website look more professional.

    2. It´s a technique ______ helps you learn more effectively.

    3. A good time to do brain training is _____ you feel relaxed.

    4. It was my brother ______ used to take us swimming every Sunday.

    5. We got married at place _____ we first met.

    6. I´m going to choose a course _____ I´m really interested in.

MODAL OF DEDUCTION

    

Los verbos modales must, can´t, might/may/could se utilizan para expresar certeza, probabilidad o imposibilidad.

POSIBILIDADES:

Utilizamos estos modales could, might, may para expresar que algo es posible en un futuro, aunque no estamos seguros de que ocurra.

NOTA: El verbo siempre va en su forma base.

•  It could rain tomorrow.
• She might come back later.
•  We may go to Ibiza next year
• I might play tennis tomorrow though it depends on how I feel.
•  My friend could be about 32 I think.

IMPOSIBILIDAD:

Utilizamos el modal can't/cannot, couldn't/could not, es decir, can en la forma negativa, para expresar la imposibilidad, ya sea en el presente o en el pasado.

• Good books can't be short.
•  Marla couldn't be on time for the class.
•  My roommate can't be at the church, he's not a religious man.

REAL O PROBABLE:

Usamos el modal must y should para mostrar que estamos seguros de algo y que tenemos razones para creerlo así.

• She has been working all day, she must be tired.
• You must have heard the bad news about the accident.
• She finishes work not so she should arrive here any moment.
• The store must be closed at this time.
•  It's nearly midnight. They should have arrived by now.

TAG QUESTIONS

Para formar esta pregunta corta se utiliza el auxiliar de la frase principal y su sujeto pero de signo contrario. Si no tuviera auxiliar entonces utilizaríamos el auxiliar “to do”.

Si la oración es afirmativa, la pregunta coletilla es negativa y viceversa.

Oraciones Afirmativas (El verbo auxiliar en el "tag" es negativo.)	Oraciones Negativas (El verbo auxiliar en el "tag" es afirmativo.)
To be
You're a teacher, aren't you?	You aren't a teacher, are you?
He's tired, isn't he?	He isn't tired, is he?
Tiempo Presente
You speak English, don't you?	You don't speak English, do you?
He swims, doesn't he?	He doesn't swim, does he?
Tiempo Pasado
He went to school, didn't he?	He didn't go to school, did he?
Presente Perfecto
You have finished, haven't you?	You haven't finished, have you?
He has left, hasn't he?	He hasn't left, has he?
Futuro
She will cook, won't she?	She won't cook, will she?

AFIRMATIVAS:

• Your brother is older than you, isn’t he?
• You can help me, can’t you?
• John is getting married, isn’t he?
• You worked yesterday, didn’t you?
• Sarah likes ice cream, doesn’t she?

NEGATIVAS:

• You’re not from here, are you?
• Kate’s not American, is she?
• Peter never liked Susan, did he?
• They didn’t go to class yesterday, did they?
• You can’t dance, can you?

                 

TECER CONDICIONAL

TERCER CONDICIONAL (THIRD CONDITIONAL)

FUNCIÓN:

Utilizamos el tercer condicional para hablar de situaciones inesperadas en el pasado. También podemos usar could o might/may en lugar de would para hablar sobre los resultados que fueron posibles en el pasado.

FORMA:

If- cláusula	Resultado	Ejemplos
If + past perfect	Would, could, might/may + have + past participle	· If you had gotten up earlier, you wouldn´t have missed the train. ·  I would have studied history if had gone to college. · If he had studied history, he might have become a teacher.
Usamos una coma cuando la cláusula if está al comienzo de la oración.		· If I had found a job near my hometown, I wouldn´t have moved to Boston. · I wouldn’t have moved to Boston if I had found a job near my hometown.

EJEMPLOS 

AFIRMATIVA

If	sujeto	had	participio	sujeto	would have	participio
If	I	had	known	I	would have	gone

NEGATIVA 

If	sujeto	hadn’t	participio	sujeto	wouldn’t have	participio
If	I	hadn’t	known	I	wouldn’t have	gone

INTERROGATIVA

Would	sujeto	have	participio	if	sujeto	had	participio
Would	you	have	gone	if	you	had	known?

NOTA:

En muchas ocasiones los hablantes nativos cambian el orden de la oración. Las dos opciones son correctas:

Opción 1: If I had known about the accident, I would have come earlier

Opción 2: I would have come earlier if I had known about the accident